Basics of Fourier Transform

Fourier Transform is a mathematical tool that is widely used in Signal processing applications.

Fourier Transform is explained in this VIDEO in just SIX minutes.

https://youtu.be/Og6JDPxQBFM

The Nuclear Power plant

The nuclear energy of the power plant is released from the atomic nucleus of a heavy element called uranium. Thus unlike a traditional power plant that consumes fossil fuels, a nuclear power plant consumes uranium. 

What actually happens to the uranium nuclei in a nuclear power plant? When a neutron collides with the nucleus of a uranium atom, the nucleus is split into two smaller nuclei in a process known as nuclear fission, releasing nuclear energy and emitting two or three neutrons. These released neutrons then collide with other uranium nuclei, producing further splitting and more energy. This continuous process of nuclear fission is known as chain reaction and a lot of energy is produced. A chain reaction is shown in the figure below.  

The Nuclear Chain Reaction

The nuclear power plant is divided into two main parts: the Nuclear Island and the Conventional Island. The Nuclear Island contains nuclear fuel in closed tubes packed together, collectively known as the reactor core. Nuclear energy is converted to heat energy in the reactor core. The Conventional Island is where heat energy received from the Nuclear Island is converted to electrical energy. Nuclear energy is converted to electrical energy in a nuclear power plant. The animation below will show you the inside of a nuclear power plant such as the Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station.

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule and the Motor Effect

When a wire carrying an electric current is moved in a magnetic field of a magnet the magnetic field induced by the wire reacts with the magnetic field of the magnet causing the wire to move outwards. Fleming's left hand rule helps you to predict the movement.

First finger - direction of magnetic field (N-S)
SeCond finger - direction of current (positive to negative)
ThuMb - movements of the wire

When a coil of wire carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field the coil turns.
This is called the motor effect.


animation of flemings rule

IMAGE FORMATION IN PLANE MIRROR

The precise direction of the sight line depends on the location of the object, the location of the person, and the type of mirror. Yet all of the lines of sight, regardless of their direction, will pass through the image location. In fact, the image location is defined as the location where it seems to every observer as though light is coming from. Since all people see reflected rays of light as they sight at an image in the mirror, then the image location must be the intersection point of these reflected rays.

 In the animation above, an object is positioned in front of a plane mirror. The plane mirror will produce an image of the object on the opposite side of the mirror. The distance from the object to the mirror equals the distance from the image to the mirror. Any person viewing this image must sight at this image location. The animation depicts the path of several rays of light from the object to the mirror. This light subsequently reflects such that observers could sight along a line of sight and view the image. Different people might sight from different locations; yet each person would sight at the same image location. As seen in the animation, the image location is the intersection point of all the reflected rays.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT

When light rays traveling is a medium reaches the boundary of other medium, they turn back to the first medium. This phenomenon of turning back of light into the same medium after striking the boundary of other medium is called Reflection of Light.

LAWS OF REFLECTION

1. The angle of incident is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal lie on the same plane. 

REGULAR REFLECTION

When a beam pass of parallel light rays is incident on a smooth and plane surface, the reflected rays will also be parallel. This type of reflection is called Regular Reflection.

IRREGULAR REFLECTION

When a beam of parallel light rays is scattered in all directions. Therefore the parallel rays incident on the surface will reflect in different directions. This is also called Diffuse Reflection.

What is Magnetism?

Basically, magnetism is the force that causes a nail or paper clip to be pulled toward a magnet. Play around with a magnet and you'll quickly see magnetism in action!

But HOW does magnetism work?
That's a little harder to explain. But start with this...
Imagine two kids, trying to pull a wagon. One pulls from one side, and the other pulls from the exact opposite side.

What happens? The wagon doesn't move!Now, imagine that the two kids realize that it isn't working and switch positions. The both pull from the same side.

The wagon moves! 
And this applies to magnetism HOW?
Everything around you is made up of tiny particles.

One of those particles is the electron.
  Hi! We're electrons!

These electrons are soooo tiny, that you can't see them without the most powerful of microscopes. As the name might suggest, electrons have an electrical charge. And whenever electricity moves, a magnetic field is created.

So, if these electrons are in everything, and they're magnetic, how come only some metals are magnetic, and not, for example, the family dog?

Think back to the example of the kids pulling the wagon. In most things, the electrons send their magnetic pull in different directions. If you're pulling on something from all different directions, it's not going to move.


In metals that are magnetic, the electrons are all facing the same way.
So when they all pull in the same direction, things will move!

Basics of Electronics

Atoms

   Atoms are made of protons , neutrons and electrons

• Electrons are having small negative charge
• Protons have positive charge
• Neutrons are electrically neutral and have no charge

Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom forming the nucleus and electrons revolve around them

Also it is important that particles with like charges repel and unlike charges attract that is, a proton and electron attract each other and electron and electron (proton and proton) repel each other.

Electricity is the movement of electrons, so charge has to be measured. it is measured in coulombs  represented as 'C'

1 C = 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons

PHYSICS ANIMATION

Simple harmonic and transverse wave

The uniform circular motion, the simple harmonic motion, and the simple harmonic motion are explanations of the transverse wave transmitted to side on side.

Animation of harmonic and transverse wave

Longitudinal Wave

Animation of Longitudinal wave

Surface Wave

The surface of the water wave such as seas is an explanation how the surface of the water moves.

Animation of surface wave

Wave Interference

It uses it to explain the interference with the wave in phase that goes out of two Hagen. Animation of wave interference

Refraction of wave
It takes as an example of the case where it bends in refraction by the change in the speed or wavelength where the wave caused by the medium is transmitted.

Animation of refraction of wave

Huygen's Principle

Round Wave


It is an explanation of being able to do a round ripple with Mot source waves that are born one after another.

Animation of round wave

Parallel Wave

It is an explanation of being able to do a parallel ripple with Mot source waves that are born one after another.

Animation of parallel wave

Diffraction
It is an explanation that the diffraction happens because of Mot source waves that are born from a parallel wave that passed the space.

Animation of diffraction

Reflection and Refraction

It is an explanation to be able to have the reflection wave side and the refraction wave side with Mot source waves that are born one after another.

Animation of reflection and refraction

"From Atom To Electricity" a microscopic view

Here is a microscopic view of electricity. How electrons flow inside the conductors. 

Please click the Below Link to view the Animation.

I hope it will give you a better understanding on it.

Animation of Electricity

What is Resistance?

Resistance is the force that reduces or stops the flow of electrons. It opposes voltage.

Higher resistance will decrease the flow of electrons and lower resistance will allow more electrons to flow.

What is Current?

CURRENT is the quantity or flow rate of electrons moving a point within one second. Current flow is also known as amperage, or amps for short.

Higher voltage will produce higher current flow, and lower voltage will produce lower current flow.

What is Voltage?

       

Voltage is the electrical force that moves electrons through a conductor. 

Voltage is electrical pressure also known as EMF (Electro Motive Force) that pushes electrons. 

The greater the difference in electrical potential push (difference between positive and negative), the greater the voltage force potential.

Coulombs Law - animation

Coulombs law:

 

 Click below to view the animation

Coulombs law

Hardwork Can Never ever Fails..

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Decibel

What is a decibel, and how is it measured?

The decibel (abbreviated dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound. 

The decibel scale is a little odd because the human ear is incredibly sensitive. 

Your ears can hear everything from your fingertip brushing lightly over your skin to a loud jet engine. 

In terms of power, the sound of the jet engine is about 1,000,000,000,000 times more powerful than the smallest audible sound. That's a big difference!


On the decibel scale, the smallest audible sound (near total silence) is 0 dB. A sound 10 times more powerful is 10 dB. A sound 100 times more powerful than near total silence is 20 dB. A sound 1,000 times more powerful than near total silence is 30 dB. Here are some common sounds and their decibel ratings:

• Near total silence - 0 dB 
• A whisper - 15 dB 
• Normal conversation - 60 dB 
• A lawnmower - 90 dB 
• A car horn - 110 dB 
• A rock concert or a jet engine - 120 dB 
• A gunshot or firecracker - 140 dB

You know from your own experience that distance affects the intensity of sound -- if you are far away, the power is greatly diminished. All of the ratings above are taken while standing near the sound.


Any sound above 85 dB can cause hearing loss, and the loss is related both to the power of the sound as well as the length of exposure. You know that you are listening to an 85-dB sound if you have to raise your voice to be heard by somebody else. 

Eight hours of 90-dB sound can cause damage to your ears; any exposure to 140-dB sound causes immediate damage (and causes actual pain). See this page for an exposure "ruler."

How Loud Is Too Loud? Bookmark

Protect Your Ears

Know which noises can cause damage. Wear ear plugs when you are involved in a loud activity.

• 110 Decibels

Regular exposure of more than 1 minute risks permanent hearing loss.

• 100 Decibels

No more than 15 minutes of unprotected exposure recommended.

• 85 Decibels

Prolonged exposure to any noise at or above 85 decibels can cause gradual hearing loss.

Decibels	Sound Source
150	Firecracker
120	Ambulance siren
110	Chain saw, Rock concert
105	Personal stereo system at maximum level
100	Wood shop, Snowmobile
95	Motorcycle
90	Power mower
85	Heavy city traffic
60	Normal conversation
40	Refrigerator humming
30	Whispered voice
0	Threshold of normal hearing

Newtons First, Second and Third Laws - Animation

Sir. Isaac Newton

Click below to view the fantastic animation of newtons law:

Newton's Laws


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Nuclear fission and chain reaction

Nuclear Fission:

A nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei), often producing free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays), and releasing a very large amount of energy, even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.

click below  to view the animation

Nuclear fission 

Hardwork Can Never Ever Fails...

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Lemon & Potato battery

A lemon battery is a battery used in experiments proposed in many science textbooks around the world. It is made by inserting two different metallic objects, for example a galvanized nail and a copper coin, into an ion bridge (for example a lemon, a potato or paper soaked in salt water or acid).

The copper coin serves as the positive electrode or cathode and the galvanized nail as the electron-producing negative electrode or anode.

These two objects work as electrodes, causing an electrochemical reaction which generates a small potential difference. The origin of lemon and potato batteries is unknown.


The aim of this experiment is to show students how batteries work. After the battery is assembled, a multimeter can be used to check the generated voltage.

For a more visible effect to be produced, a few lemon cells connected in series can be used to power a standard red LED.
Flashlight bulbs are generally not used because the lemon battery cannot produce the amount of current required to light such bulbs. Digital clocks can work well, and some toymakers offer small kits with a clock that can be powered by two potatoes or lemons.

Potato Battery

Energy source

The energy for the battery comes from the chemical change in the zinc (or other metal) when exposed to an acid. The energy does not come from the lemon or potato.

The zinc is oxidized inside the lemon, exchanging some of its electrons with the acid in order to reach a lower energy state, and the energy released provides the power.

In current practice, zinc is produced by electro winning of zinc sulfate or pyrometallurgic reduction of zinc with carbon, which requires an energy input.

The energy produced in the lemon battery comes from reversing this reaction, recovering some of the energy input during the zinc production.



Calculations

Assuming that zinc and copper electrodes are used (such as a copper coin and a zinc plated nail) then a lemon could generate approximately 0.9 Volts.

The current depends on the size of the electrodes used and the strength of the ion bridge.

As an example, if we make some assumptions about the acidity of the lemon and the size of the electrodes, a current of 0.0003 amperes could be produced.

volts x amperes = watts

1 lemon: 0.9 volts x 0.0003 amperes = 0.00027 watts


Flashlight bulb: 2.4 volts x 0.5 amperes = 1.2 watts, or about 5,000 lemons


Halogen bulb: 12 volts x 0.83 amperes = 10 watts, or about 37,000 lemons


Red LED bulb: 1.7 volts x 0.0005 amperes = 0.00085 watts, or three lemons in series


Reactions

In a lemon battery, both oxidation and reduction occur. Consider the case of a zinc-copper battery; this battery is similar to the original "simple voltaic cells" invented by Alessandro Volta. At the anode, metallic zinc is oxidized, and enters the acidic solution as Zn2+ ions:

Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2 e^-.

At the copper cathode, hydrogen ions (solvated protons from the acidic solution) are reduced to form molecular hydrogen:

2H⁺+ 2e^- → H₂.

Variations

Potatoes, apples, sauerkraut, or any other fruit or vegetable containing acid or other electrolyte can be used, but lemons are preferred because of their higher acidity.

In potatoes, for instance, the electrolyte is phosphoric acid, while in lemons it is citric acid. Other non-rusty metal combinations (such as magnesium-copper) are more effective; for example, using a magnesium strip instead of zinc increases the voltage from 0.9 volts to 1.3 volts with magnesium.

However, zinc and copper are usually preferred because they are reasonably safe and easy to obtain.

Potato Battery

Hi friends this small project document is in the following link...

Types of Semiconductor Materials

1. Diamond
2. Silicon
3. Germanium
4. Silicon carbide,3C-SiC
5. Silicon-germanium
6. Antimonide
7. Aluminium arsenide
8. Aluminium nitride
9. Phosphide
10. Boron nitride, cubic
11. Gallium arsenide
12. Indium antimonide
13. Zinc oxide
14. Cadmium arsenide
15. Titanium dioxide,anatase

Physics Tutorial

A nice collection of study materials for Basic Physics with animations, illustrations and explanations are available at the below link.

CLICK HERE to view the website.

I hope it will be very useful for everyone to study the fundamentals thoroughly....

Batteries in series and parallel

What happens when we connect the batteries in series and parallel?

When we connect the Batteries in Series, we will get sum of voltages of both the Batteries.
Here we can see that, among the 6 electron bags, 3 is provided by one 3V battery and another 3 is provided by the other Battery.

Fig: Batteries series

When we connect the Batteries in Parallel, we get the same voltage, but sum of the currents.
Here we can see that, both the batteries are contributing Energy bags to the bulb. We can observe that both the batteries are providing only 3 energy bags.

Fig: Batteries paralle

(Courtesy: www.dynamicscience.com)