The python implementation, mathematical background, and noise removal using Fourier Transform are explored in this VIDEO..
ELECTRONICS GURUKULAM
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Sunday, May 16, 2021
Python Implementation and Mathematical Background of Fourier Transform
Monday, May 10, 2021
Basics of Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform is a mathematical tool that is widely used in Signal processing applications.
Fourier Transform is explained in this VIDEO in just SIX minutes.
Wednesday, August 02, 2017
Instrumentation Amplifier
For more, Click the below link
Wednesday, April 27, 2016
Working of a Lighter
It works on the principle of Piezo-electric effect.
This force is enough for the crystal to generate a spark.
Now, this spark falls on the gas and lights the air-gas mixture.
Thursday, January 28, 2016
Thursday, July 16, 2015
Ohm's Law
Wednesday, December 24, 2014
How Mosquito Racket works?
Parts:
The circuit consists of a flyback topology transformer driven by a general NPN transistor 2SD965.
The feedback coil of transformer is of 10 turns, the primary is of 40 turns and the output or secondary coil is of 450 turns (40:450).
When this circuit is run by giving input of 3 Volts, the transformer generates about 2000-4000 volts at zero load, and the output is then coupled 3 times by using three IN4007 diodes and suitable capacitors, thus reaching our need of 5000-10,000 volts.
The moment a mosquito or any bug comes in contact with the meshes, the stored high voltage in the capacitor discharges violently through the body of the entangled bug creating a big spark and electrocuting it instantly.
Wednesday, November 26, 2014
What are the Advantages of LabVIEW?
- Graphical User Interface
- Drag and Drop built in functions
- Modular and Hierarchical design
- Professional Development Tools
- Multi Platforms
- Flexibility
- Scalability
- Distributed Development
- Visualization capabilities
- Rapid development with Express Technology
- Simple application distribution
- Object oriented design
- Cost Reduction
Thursday, October 09, 2014
Classification of Electric Motor
Saturday, January 11, 2014
Saturday, December 21, 2013
Mobile Hardware Components
Your Smart Phone was integrated into the followed MOBILE DEVICE COMPONENTS even though your Desktop PC Was not comes with. you must Separately want to plug the components as well as size of the components also big when compared to mobile devices These all are belongs to CMOS VLSI Chip Technology integrated into one device. The Processor and all components are designed as a chip and the Processor was programmed.
Today Quote : "Knowing is not enough, We must Apply Willing is not enough, we must do.."
Introduction to Android Applications (Messengers and VOIP)
Monday, December 02, 2013
Saturday, November 30, 2013
Monday, October 21, 2013
Why Silicon is preferred over Germanium for Semiconductor Devices?
- At room temperature, Silicon crystal has fewer free electrons than Germanium crystal. This implies that silicon will have much smaller Collector cut off current than Germanium.
- The variation of Collector cut off current with temperature is less in Silicon compared to Germanium.
- The structure of Germanium crystals will be destroyed at higher temperature. However, Silicon crystals are not easily damaged by excess heat.
- Peak Inverse Voltage ratings of Silicon diodes are greater than Germanium diodes.
- Si is less expensive due to the greater abundance of element. The major raw material for Si wafer fabrication is sand and there is lots of sand available in nature.
Sunday, March 17, 2013
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
How MRI works
Thursday, February 14, 2013
What is Darlington Pair?
This gives the Darlington pair a very high current gain such as 10000.
Darlington pairs are sold as complete packages containing the two transistors.
They have three leads (B, C and E) which are equivalent to the leads of a standard individual transistor.
CMOS Vs TTL
- TTL circuits utilize BJTs while CMOS circuits utilize FETs.
- CMOS allows a much higher density of logic functions in a single chip compared to TTL.
- TTL circuits consumes more power compared to CMOS circuits at rest.
- CMOS chips are a lot more susceptible to static discharge compared to TTL chips
- Propagation delay is more in CMOS compared to TTL
- Switching Speed is More for TTL compared to CMOS.
- CMOS devices are cheaper than TTL Devices.
- The Power Supply requirement for TTL is 3 to 15V, small fluctuations are tolerated.
- The Power Supply requirement for CMOS is 5V ±0.25V, it must be very smooth, a regulated supply.
- TTL Can handle only less frequency compared to CMOS.
Since TTL has very little parasitic capacitance, the time delay is very small, & TTL is faster.
MOSFETs, based on voltage operations, have much greater capacitances, the charging & discharging of which consumes time (Ref: RC time constant), hence CMOS is slower.
An Introduction to Digital Logic Families
In Digital Designs, our primary aim is to create an Integrated Circuit (IC).
- Supply voltage range
- Speed of response
- Power dissipation
- Input and output logic levels
- Current sourcing and sinking capability
- Fan-out
- Noise margin
- Bipolar Devices
- MOS Devices
- Hybrid Devices
- Diode Logic (DL)
- Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL)
- Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)
- Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL)
- Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) or Current Mode Logic (CML)
- Integrated Injection Logic (IIL)
- P-MOS Family
- N-MOS Family
- Complementary-MOS Family
- Standard C-MOS
- Clocked C-MOS
- Bi-CMOS
- Pseudo N-MOS
- C-MOS Domino Logic
- Pass Transistor Logic
- Bi-CMOS Family
- Diode Logic suffers from voltage degradation from one stage to the next.
- Diode Logic only permits OR and AND functions.
In RTL (resistor transistor logic), all the logic are implemented using resistors and transistors. One basic thing about the transistor (NPN), is that HIGH at input causes output to be LOW (i.e. like a inverter). In the case of PNP transistor, the LOW at input causes output to be HIGH.
RTL Circuit |
- Less number of Transistors
Disadvantage:
- High Power Dissipation
- Low Fan In
In DTL (Diode transistor logic), all the logic is implemented using diodes and transistors.
DTL Logic |
- Propagation Delay is Larger
In Transistor Transistor logic or just TTL, logic gates are built only around transistors.
TTL Logic has the following sub-families:
- Standard TTL.
- High Speed TTL
- Low Power TTL.
- Schhottky TTL.
- Low Power Schottky TTL
- Advanced Schottky TTL
- Advanced Low Power Schottky TTL
- Fast Schottky
The main specialty of ECL is that it is operating in Active Region than the Saturation Region. That is the reason for its high speed operation. As you can see in the figure, the Emitters of the Transistors Q1 and Q2 are coupled together.
Emitter Coupled Pair |
Disadvantage:
- Large Silicon Area
- Large Power Consumption
Monday, February 11, 2013
Advanced Digital Audio Codecs
DTS (Digital Theater Sound) is a digital sound coding standard created by Universal. Compared with the Dolby Digital standard, DTS uses four times less compression and digitises sound at 20 bits instead of 16. Therefore, DTS's sound quality is theoretically higher, at the cost of a higher bit rate. To be able to play DTS-encoded media, you need a certified DTS decoder.
DTS falls into four different categories:
• DTS 6, the most commonly used 5.1 standard, which can encode six-channel sound with less compression than the Dolby Digital standard. The first five channels are used for the satellite speakers, while the last is reserved for the subwoofer. These devices are normally identified by the presence of this logo: • DTS ES (Digital Theater Sound Extended Surround), 6.1 standard which uses an additional rear channel (rear central). DTS ES uses less compression than Dolby Digital EX. The DTS ES standard has two variants:
o DTS ES Matrix, which has a seventh channel interpolated with the primary channels. This is called "virtualisation".
o DTS ES Discrete has an seventh independent channel.
• DTS 24/96 represents an audio format used for storing high-definition music with several channels. This format is primarily used in DVD Audio, or audio tracks which accompany video DVDs. The name comes from the fact that the tracks are recorded in 24 bits at 96 kHz. It may be in either stereo or 5.1. • DTS Neo:6 is a format for upmixing (virtualising) from a stereo sound source. Image Courtesy: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com http://www.logotypes101.com
Dolby Digital
Dolby Digital and DTS are six-channel digital surround sound systems and are currently the standard in major motion pictures, music, and digital television.
They both use the 5.1 speaker format The format consists of three speakers across the front and two speakers in the rear. The .1 is a sixth channel called an LFE that is sent to a subwoofer.
Dolby Digital uses the AC-3 file format, which any Dolby Digital Decoder can decoder to produce 5.1 audio. Dolby Digitalis the technical name for Dolby's multi-channel digital sound coding technique, more commonly referred to as Dolby 5.1.A six-channel sound coding process (one channel each for front, left, center, right surround, left surround and a sub-woofer) originally created by Dolby for theaters, AC-3 was subsequently adapted for home use and is now steadily becoming the most common sound format for DVD.
The difference between Dolby Digital (AC-3) and DTS is:
Both systems are great but statistics for reference only..
• DTS seems to provide a deeper and tighter low frequency presence
• DTS allows the sound to breath - transparency
• AC-3 seems to leave the impression that something is missing from the mix.
• At lower bit-rates AC-3 starts to sound like MP3's encoded at 96kbps (artifacts)
Sunday, February 10, 2013
An Introduction to Digital Audio
In this manner, a violin makes a sound when the bow makes its strikes vibrate, and a piano sounds a note when a key is struck, because a hammer struck a string and made it vibrate.
Speakers are generally used to reproduce these sounds. They are a membrane connected to an electromagnet; as an electrical current travels in front of and behind the magnet very rapidly, it causes vibrations in the air in front of it, and that vibration is sound! This is how sound waves are produced; they can be represented in a diagram as changes in air pressure (or in the electricity level of the magnet) as a function of time.
A sonogram, on the other hand, depicts sound frequencies as a function of time. It should be noted that a sonogram shows fundamental frequency, on top of which higher frequencies, called harmonics, are superimposed. This is what allows us to distinguish between different sources of sound: low notes have low frequencies, while high notes have higher frequencies.
Sampling rate -Sound quality
• 32 kHz: for digital FM radio (band-limited to 15 kHz)
• 44.1 kHz: for professional audio and compact discs • 48 kHz: for professional digital multitrack recording, and consumer recording equipment (like DAT or MiniDisc)
A computer works with bits, so the number of possible values that the sample could have must be determined. This is done by setting the number of bits on which the sample values are encoded.
• With 8-bit coding, there are 28 (= 256) possible values.
• The sampling rate
• The number of bits in a sample
• The number of channels (one for mono, two for stereo, and four for quadrophonic sound
Saturday, February 09, 2013
Short Notes on Bipolar transistors
NPN Transistor
Placing P-type semiconductor between two N-type semiconductor is NPN transistor
It operates by a small current flow from the emitter to base.current will not flow from the emitter to the collector until a small voltage (at least 0.7 volts) is applied to the base.
Collector current is much larger than the base current.
SYMBOL
PNP Transistor
Placing N-type semiconductor between two P-type semiconductor is PNP transistor.
Its operation is same as NPN but reversed.The voltage relations also reversed.So to turn on the device both the collector and base must be negative.
PNP symbol
Amplification:
Gain:
Switching
When the base voltage is about 0.85 volts, sufficient base current flows to turn the transistor fully on. The collector voltage drops to approximately half a volt because of the voltage drop across the collector resistor. A transistor which is conducting the maximum current is said to be in saturation.
Transistor Application
Linear:
Digital:
Friday, February 08, 2013
3D View of PN Junction
P Type and N Type Materials- Before forming the Junction |
P and N type Materials Brought together |
Recombination Started (Gold Balls- Recombination) |
Depletion Region Formed |
(From the article: 'Education in Three Dimensions: Using Virtual Reality in Education for Illustrating Spatial Relationships' by ALLPORT, Christopher, SINES, Paul, SCHREINER, Brandon & DAS, Biswajit)
What are MEMS?
MEMS is an emerging technology in which Microscopic Machines are developed by the tools and techniques that were developed for the Integrated Circuit (IC)ndustry.
MEMS structure |
Components of MEMS |
SMART BIOMEM (LAB ON A CHIP) |
This technology has an enormous number of application areas, including
- Automotive Eg. Accelerometers for airbag systems, Roll-over detection systems, etc.
- Biomedical Eg.Neural prosthesis devices like hearing and visual aids, Smart drug delivery systems, On Chip body fluid analysis systems, Microsurgery tools, Pacemakers
- Telecommunication Eg. Micromirrors for fiber optic switching for fast internet,Smart Antennas
- Household appliances pressure sensors for water level detection, frost sensors for refrigerators
- Consumer Applications DLP projectors, i-phone,
- Defense applications Eg. Low cost night vision, Smart munitions
Image Courtesy
www.engineersgarage.com
www.medgadget.com
Sunday, February 03, 2013
How Electric fan work
Wednesday, January 30, 2013
HOW METAL DETECTOR WORKS
Transmitter
When the current flows in a given direction, a magnetic field is produced whose polarity points into the ground; when the current flow is reversed, the field's polarity points out of the ground. Any metallic object which happens to be nearby will have a flow of current induced inside of it by the influence of the changing magnetic field, in much the same way that an electric generator produces electricity by moving a coil of wire inside a fixed magnetic field. This current flow inside a metal object in turn produces its own magnetic field, with a polarity that tends to be pointed opposite to the transmit field.
Receiver
The resulting received signal will usually appear delayed when compared to the transmitted signal. This delay is due to the tendency of conductors to impede the flow of current (resistance) and to impede changes in the flow of current (inductance). We call this apparent delay "phase shift". The largest phase shift will occur for metal objects which are primarily inductive; large, thick objects made from excellent conductors like gold, silver, and copper. Smaller phase shifts are typical for objects which are primarily resistive; smaller, thinner objects, or those composed of less conductive materials.
www2.gi.alaska.edu